Pulse and Square Wave Generator

The square wave is a special type of pulse

In digital circuits, pulses can make the voltage either more positive or more negative. Usually, the more positive voltage is called the high state and the more negative voltage is called the low state. The length of time between the rise and the decay of a single pulse is called the pulse duration or pulse width. Multiple pulses often occur in a sequence called a pulse train, where the length of time from the beginning of one pulse to the beginning of the next is called the pulse interval.

Digital pulses usually have well-defined shapes (voltage-vs.-time graphs, as might be observed on an oscilloscope ) such as rectangular or triangular. In nature, however, pulses can have irregular shapes and can occur at random intervals. A good example is an EMP (electromagnetic pulse) generated by a lightning discharge in a thunderstorm, a solar flare, or a transient "voltage spike" that can occasionally occur on a utility power line.

Impulse and square wave graph:

Pure square pulse graph:

In electronic engineering, square pulses are often used to modulate different types of pulses. The reverse process of modulating random pulses is rare, because generating a square pulse is very simple from a pure DC voltage, based on a simple circuit.

On the issue of high voltage spikes in Tesla's Impulse Technology: Impulse Voltage Generator

Simple square wave generator

Typically square wave generators are based on symmetrical multivibrator with bipolar transistors of the same structure and with two frequency determining network. However, you can construct more simple oscillator with two transistors of different structure (see figure 1) with only one frequency determining network.

Square wave generator circuit diagram - C1 - 470 pF, VT1 - BC547, VT2 - BC557

The circuit works this way: when the supply voltage is applied (capacitor C1 is not charged) the transistor VT1 begins to conduct the current flowing through the bias resistor R1. Collector current of this transistor is the base current for the transistor VT2 and this collector current opens the transistor VT2. The voltage at the collector load of the transistor VT2 increases through a network of C1R2, and this further opens the transistor VT1, and as a result there is an avalanche process of opening the two transistors - it's forming the front of the rectangular pulse.

The duration of the pulse is determined by charging the capacitor C1 through resistor R2. As the capacitor C1 is charging, the base current of the transistor VT1 is reduced, and there comes a time when there is starting an avalanche process of closing both transistors. On the load is formed a falling pulse edge. The duration between pulses is determined by the duration of the discharge of the capacitor C1 by the current flowing through resistors R1 and R2. Then the process repeats.

The work of the generator can be explained differently. Two-stage amplifier circuit has a positive feedback (network R2C1) and in the same time the amplifier is put in the linear mode of the transistor VT1 by applying bias on its base through resistor R1. Therefore, the relaxation oscillations are generated. To stabilize the operation of the generator each cascade has a negative feedback - it is weak in the first stage (resistor R1), and in the second stage the emitter circuit of transistor VT2 has a resistor R5.

Use pulse input to MOSFET gate for resonant circuit to generate free energy

Radiant Half Bridge Circuit, For Longitudinal Waves:

In the video, the Bifilar coil circuit is used to replace the conventional coil. The Oscillator Circuits consisting of Bifilar inductors and capacitors will be driven by semiconductor MOSFETs. The output power is much larger than the input power.

As mentioned above, a high frequency square pulse will be applied to the MOSFET. Master Ivo's circuit is uncomplicated to generate free energy. Just pay close attention and follow the way he instructs us to succeed. Free energy does not come to lazy people.

Guest way to generate free energy - radiant energy:

1. Radiant energy from the sky: How to Build Tesla's Radiant Energy Receiver

2. Radiant energy in electrical circuits:

✰* Revealed At Last: Ancient Invention Generates Energy-On-Demand
The design includes:

• Harnessing electricity from the Earth: Neither is Schumann Resonance, nor is it known by Electromagnetism. It's The Sea of Energy in Which the Earth Floats
• Extracted from ordinary electricity by the method called “fractionation.”
• Reverse Tesla coil - "Back to Back" mechanism
• Combination of radiant energy and negative resistance to amplify electricity 
• And many other plans for Free Energy.

Note: Square pulses belong to the group of fundamental pulses in electronics. In addition to the square pulse, there are also sawtooth (triangle), trapezoidal, etc. So a machine that generates different types of pulses is needed for electronic design work.

Digital Pulse generator - Generators of various basic pulses

Simple bench pulse generators usually allow control of the pulse repetition rate (frequency), pulse width, delay with respect to an internal or external trigger and the high- and low-voltage levels of the pulses. More-sophisticated pulse generators may allow control over the rise time and fall time of the pulses. Pulse generators are available for generating output pulses having widths (duration) ranging from minutes down to under 1 picosecond. Pulse generators are generally voltage sources, with true current pulse generators being available only from a few suppliers. Pulse generators may use digital techniques, analog techniques, or a combination of both techniques to form the output pulses. For example, the pulse repetition rate and duration may be digitally controlled but the pulse amplitude and rise and fall times may be determined by analog circuitry in the output stage of the pulse generator. With correct adjustment, pulse generators can also produce a 50% duty cycle square wave. Pulse generators are generally single-channel providing one frequency, delay, width and output.

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3. FNIRSI 1014D 7Inch TFT LCD Display Screen Portable Digital Oscilloscope 2 In 1 Dual Channel Input Signal Generator 100MHz

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What is the difference between a Pulse and Square wave?

A square wave is a certain kind of pulse wave - one where the positive portion of its cycle equals the negative portion. Also called a “50% duty cycle”. If the two halves are not equal, it’s generically a pulse wave.

It's pretty much the same as a rectangle versus square when you're learning basic geometry: a square wave is always a pulse wave, and a pulse is only a square wave when its width is 50%, i.e. one up and one down portion of equal time make up one cycle of the wave. That cycle occurs dozens to thousands of times per second (Hz) corresponding to the pitch you're playing.

technically most square waves aren't perfectly equal on all four sides because the up-down amplitude of the wave is rarely the same length as the left-right pulse width (aka duty cycle). In practice, only the 'horizontal' width matters when we're creating sounds because the amplitude is only reflected in loudness, the number of dBs, not the 'kind' of sound we hear.

Learn more: Series MOSFET And Tesla Oscillator